Course Description

Ever since the emergence of economics as a discipline, economists have been trying to provide an answer to what causes some countries to be poor and others rich. Are economies’ fates determined by their geographical endowments? Their culture? Their institutions? Why do some countries produce so much more output than others even under similar technical circumstances? What is the effect of globalization on development? What are the historical roots of contemporary economic performance? These questions occupy an increasing part of the agenda among growth and development economists. In this course we will study some of the answers that have been proposed to these and other questions.

The objective of the course is to introduce you to the frontier of research in the area of economic growth and comparative development. Additionally, it will introduce you to some of the necessary economic, computational, and mathematical tools to read, understand, and replicate the current academic research in this area. The course will give you the opportunity to learn to present and criticize other people’s ideas through presentations, replications and referee reports. Finally, the course will give you the opportunity to work on a research question of your own in this area.

Learning Outcomes

You will learn key models in economic growth and comparative development. By the end of the course, you will be familiar with the frontier research done in the area of economic growth and comparative development. You will know the main theories and empirical facts. You will learn the basic skills for research in economics. Finally, you should be able to provide and test solve models for your research.

Texts

We will mainly use (working) papers and chapters from the Handbook on Economic Growth and other sources. Some useful books to read and have are:

Non-Technical

Technical

Economic Growth (3rd Edition) by David Weil
Introduction to Modern Economic Growth by Daron Acemoglu
Unified Growth Theory by Oded Galor
Coding for Economists by Arthur Turrell and contributors
The Effect: An Introduction to Research Design and Causality by Nick Huntington-Klein
Causal Inference: The Mixtape by Scott Cunningham

Software

We will learn various computational tools that are useful for conducting economic research. This will include learning the programming language Python, which is useful to perform data management, data analysis, visualizations, process and analyze geographic data, etc. We will additionally learn how to create presentations using LaTeX and Reveal.js.

For this purpose, try to download and install the software packages and apps in the following pages.

We will take some time to ensure everyone is up and running (instructions here). Since Python+Jupyter will be our main language of analysis and replication, I suggest you learn some basic Python at kaggle.com and go over the Part I of Sargent and Stachurski’s Quantitative Economics (Python).

Course Requirements

Reading: ** Required, * Suggested. Reading the material before coming to class is required. This will increase your understanding of the various subjects we will cover and allow you to ask questions and participate in the discussion. * Attendance: Attendance is obligatory and does affect your grade directly. * Homework: There will be no homework Disability Accommodations: Students needing academic accommodations for a disability must first be registered with Disability Accommodations & Success Strategies (DASS) to verify the disability and to establish eligibility for accommodations. Students may call 214-768-1470 or visit http://www.smu.edu/alec/dass to begin the process. Once registered, students should then schedule an appointment with the professor to make appropriate arrangements.

Religious Observance: Religiously observant students wishing to be absent on holidays that require missing class should notify their professors in writing at the beginning of the semester, and should discuss with them, in advance, acceptable ways of making up any work missed because of the absence. (See University Policy No. 1.9. or SMU official holiday calendar)
Excused Absences for University Extracurricular Activities: Students participating in an officially sanctioned, scheduled University extracurricular activity should be given the opportunity to make up class assignments or other graded assignments missed as a result of their participation. It is the responsibility of the student to make arrangements with the instructor prior to any missed scheduled examination or other missed assignment for making up the work. (University Undergraduate Catalogue)
Honor Code: All work undertaken and submitted in this course is governed by the University’s honor code. If any student is unclear about the University’s honor policy – either in general or its particular application in this course – please contact your instructor immediately.

* Exams: NO EXAMS OR QUIZZES.

Grading Criteria

Grading will be based mainly on a research proposal/paper. Prior to this you have to present in class your proposal and make an appointment to discuss it. This will count for 40% of your final grade. Another 25% will be based on writing and discussing in class a referee report for 3 papers from the reading list. The last 25% will come from presenting 3 papers from the reading list (about 60-75 minutes each presentation).

Research Paper…………........……………………………………………….40%
Referee reports, replication notebooks, Slides/LaTeX files, Code ……….20%
Presentations………………………………….......……………………………25%
Attendance and Participation…………........…………………………………15%

Presentation-Referee Reports Tips

The referee reports and presentation should cover the following:

Why is the paper important (or why not)?
An overview of the core contributions of the paper.
What you liked or did not like about the paper.
How could be improved, what other questions may be asked
How the paper is connected to others in the course.

I will provide more guidance on this in class.

Tentative Course Outline

If you do not have access to the papers consider using the Unpaywall extension for your browser, Sci Hub or download this folder (you need the password).

From Stagnation to Growth:

The evolution of economies from the dawn of human civilization to the modern era

** Galor, O. 2011 Ch. 1 & 2
** Galor, O., 2005, "From Stagnation to Growth: Unified Growth Theory" Handbook of Economic Growth, North-Holland
** Diamond, Jared, 1997, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. (Part 1)
Neal, L. and Cameron, R., 2015, A Concise Economic History of the World from Paleolithic Times to the Present. Oxford University Press.
Mokyr, J., 1992, The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress. Oxford University Press
Mokyr J. and J. Voth, 2006, Understanding Growth in Europe, 1700-1870: Theory and Evidence"
Livi-Bacci, M., 1997, A Concise History of World Population, Oxford: Blackwell.
Bairoch, P., 1982. "International industrialization levels from 1750 to 1980". Journal of European Economic History, 11(2), p.269.

The Malthusian Epoch: Theory and Empirics

** Galor, O. 2011 Ch. 3
** Ashraf, Quamrul.and Oded Galor (2011), "Dynamics and Stagnation in the Malthusian Epoch" American Economic Review, 101(5): 2003–2041. (replication data) (Online Appendix)
**Persson, K.G., 2008, "The Malthus Delusion", European Review of Economic History, 12, 165-173.
** Henn, B.M., Cavalli-Sforza, L.L. and Feldman, M.W., 2012. "The great human expansion". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(44), pp.17758-17764.
Malthus, T. R., 1978, An Essay on the Principle of Population. Project Gutenberg (Various formats)
Clark, G. 2007 A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World, Princeton University Press
Kremer, M., 1993, "Population Growth: 1 Million B.C. to the Present" Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108, 681-716.
De Long, J.B. 1998, "Estimates of World GDP, One Million B.C. – Present"
Mokyr, J. and Voth, H.J., 2010. "Understanding growth in Europe, 1700-1870: theory and evidence". The Cambridge economic history of modern Europe, 1, pp.7-42.
Clark, G. 2010, "The Macroeconomic Aggregates for England, 1209-2008", Research in Economic History
Broadberry, S., Campbell, B., Klein, A., Overton, M., and van Leeuwen, B. 2011. British Economic Growth, 1270-1870: an output-based approach (published as book) (Review by Persson)
Boberg-Fazlic, N., Sharp, P. and Weisdorf, J. 2011, "Survival of the richest? Social status, fertility and social mobility in England 1541-1824", European Review of Economic History, Volume 15, Issue 3 December 2011, pp. 365-392
Lee, R. and Anderson, M., 2002. "Malthus in state space: Macro economic-demographic relations in English history, 1540 to 1870". Journal of Population Economics, 15(2), pp.195-220.
Crafts, N. and Mills, T.C. 2009, "From Malthus to Solow: How did the Malthusian economy really evolve?" Journal of Macroeconomics Volume 31, Issue 1, March 2009, Pages 68-93
Rathke, A. and Sarferaz, S., 2014. Malthus and the industrial revolution: evidence from a time-varying VAR".
Voigtländer, N. and Voth, H.J., 2012. "The three horsemen of riches: Plague, war, and urbanization in early modern Europe". Review of Economic Studies, 80(2), pp.774-811.
Bloom, D., and Williamson, J. 1998, "Demographic Transitions and Economic Miracles in Emerging Asia.", The World Bank Economic Review, 12(3), 419-455
Cleland, J. and Sinding, S. 2005, "What would Malthus say about AIDS in Africa?", The Lancet, Vol.366, Issue 9500, pp.1899-1901, Nov. 26
Weil, D. and Wilde, J. 2009, "How Relevant Is Malthus for Economic Development Today?", American Economic Review P&P 2009, 99:2, 255–260
Evenson, R.E. 2005, Besting Malthus: The Green Revolution, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 149(4), 469-486
Eaton, J.W. and Mayer, A.J., 1953. "The social biology of very high fertility among the Hutterites. The demography of a unique population". Human Biology, 25(3), p.206.
Hammel, E.A., 1996. "Demographic constraints on population growth of early humans". Human Nature, 7(3), pp.217-255.
Pennington, R., 2001. "Hunter-gatherer demography". Hunter-gatherers: An interdisciplinary perspective, pp.170-204.
Gurven, M.D. and Davison, R.J., 2019. "Periodic catastrophes over human evolutionary history are necessary to explain the forager population paradox". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(26), pp.12758-12766.

Population and Growth: Theories of the Demographic Transition

** Galor, O., 2011. "The demographic transition: causes and consequences". Cliometrica, 6(1), pp.1-28.
** Galor, O. 2011 Ch. 4
** Jones, L.E., Schoonbroodt, A. and Tertilt, M., 2008. "Fertility theories: can they explain the negative fertility-income relationship?" (No. w14266). National Bureau of Economic Research.
* Lee, R., 2003. "The demographic transition: three centuries of fundamental change". Journal of economic perspectives, 17(4), pp.167-190.
* Galor, O. and D. Weil, 2000, "Population, Technology, and Growth: From the Malthusian Regime to the Demographic Transition and Beyond," American Economic Review, 89, 806-828.
** Galor, O. and D. Weil, 1996, "The Gender Gap, Fertility and Growth", American Economic Review, 86, 374-387.
Becker, G.S., 1960. "An economic analysis of fertility. In Demographic and economic change in developed countries" (pp. 209-240). Columbia University Press.
** Becker, G.S. H.G. Lewis (1973), "On the Interaction between the Quantity and Quality of Children", Journal of Political Economy, 81: S279-S288.
Becker, G.S. (1981), A Treatise on the Family, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
Kalemli-Ozcan, S. (2002), "Does the Mortality Decline Promote Economic Growth", Journal of Economic Growth 7: 411-439.
Doepke, M. (2005), "Child Mortality and Fertility Decline: Does the Barro-Becker Model Fit the Facts?", Journal of Population Economics 17:
Caldwell, W. J. (1976), "Toward a Restatement of Demographic Transition Theory", Population and Development Review, 2: 321-66.
Cervelatti, M and U. Sunde, 2011, "Life Expectancy and Economic Growth: The Role of the Demographic Transition", Journal of Economic Growth, 16(2), 99-133
Murtin, F., 2013. "Long-term determinants of the demographic transition, 1870–2000". Review of Economics and Statistics, 95(2), pp.617-631. (Replication Data)
Murphy, T.E., 2015. "Old habits die hard (sometimes)". Journal of Economic Growth, 20(2), pp.177-222.
Fernandez-Villaverde, J., 2001. "Was Malthus right? Economic growth and population dynamics".
Clark, G. and Hamilton, G., 2006. "Survival of the richest: the Malthusian mechanism in pre-industrial England". The Journal of Economic History, 66(3), pp.707-736.
Lehr, C.S., 2009. "Evidence on the demographic transition". The Review of Economics and Statistics, 91(4), pp.871-887. (Replication Data)
Bleakley, H. and Lange, F., 2009. "Chronic disease burden and the interaction of education, fertility, and growth". The Review of Economics and Statistics, 91(1), pp.52-65.
Becker, S.O., Cinnirella, F. and Woessmann, L., 2010. "The trade-off between fertility and education: evidence from before the demographic transition". Journal of Economic Growth, 15(3), pp.177-204.
Klemp, M. and Weisdorf, J., 2018. "Fecundity, fertility and the formation of human capital". The Economic Journal, 129(618), pp.925-960.

Unified Growth Theory: Theory and Quantitative Evaluation

** Galor, O. 2011 Ch. 5
** Galor, O. and D. Weil, 2000, "Population, Technology, and Growth: From the Malthusian Regime to the Demographic Transition and Beyond," American Economic Review, 89, 806-828.
Galor, O. and D. Weil, 1999, "From Malthusian Stagnation to Modern Growth," American Economic Review P&P, 88, 150-154.
** Hansen G. and E. Prescott, 2002, "Malthus to Solow". American Economic Review, 92, 1205-1217.
** Lagerlof, N. (2006), "The Galor-Weil Model Revisited: A Quantitative Exercise", Review of Economic Dynamics, 9, 116-142.
Galor, O. and Moav, O., 2002. Natural selection and the origin of economic growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(4), pp.1133-1191.
Desmet, K and S. Parente, 2012, "The evolution of markets and the revolution of industry: a unified theory of growth", Journal of Economic Growth
Cervelatti, M and U. Sunde, 2005 "Human Capital Formation, Life Expectancy, and the Process of Development", American Economic Review, 95(5), 1653-1672
Crafts, N. and Mills, T.C. 2009, "From Malthus to Solow: How did the Malthusian economy really evolve?" Journal of Macroeconomics Volume 31, Issue 1, March 2009, Pages 68-93
Dao, N.T. and Davila, J., 2013. Can geography lock a society in stagnation?. Economics Letters, 120(3), pp.442-446.

Comparative Economic Development

Overview of the Literature

Diamond, Jared, 1997, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies.
Galor, O., 2005, "From Stagnation to Growth: Unified Growth Theory" Handbook of Economic Growth, North-Holland
Nunn, Nathan and Nancy Qian, "The Columbian Exchange: a Historical Change in Food, Disease and Ideas" Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24(2), Spring 2010.
Putterman Louis and David Weil 2010, "Post-1500 Population Flows and the Long Run Determinants of Economic Growth and Inequality", Quarterly Journal of Economics, 125 (4): 1627-1682 (Replication Data)
Spolaore Enrico and Romain Wacziarg (2013): "How Deep Are the Roots of Economic Development?" Journal of Economic Literature, 51(2).
Ashraf, Quamrul.and Oded Galor (2011), "Dynamics and Stagnation in the Malthusian Epoch" American Economic Review, 101(5): 2003–2041. (replication data)
Nunn, Nathan and Nancy Qian, "The Impact of Potatoes on Old World Population and Urbanization", Quarterly Journal of Economics, May 2011 (Appendix) (Replication Files)
Nunn, Nathan (2013): "Historical Development," in Handbook of Economic Growth, Volume 2, ed. by P. Aghion, and S. Durlauf, vol. 2. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Comin, Diego A., Bill Easterly, and Erick Gong. "Was the Wealth of Nations Determined in 1000 B.C.?" American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 2, no. 3 (2010): 65-97 (Replication Data)
Neal, L. and Cameron, R., 2015, A Concise Economic History of the World from Paleolithic Times to the Present. Oxford University Press.
Mokyr, J., 1992, The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress. Oxford University Press

Geography

** Gallup, J. L., J. D. Sachs and A. D. Mellinger 1998, "Geography and Economic Development", International Regional Science Review, Volume: 22 issue: 2, page(s): 179-232
** Henderson, J.V., Squires, T., Storeygard, A. and Weil, D., 2017. "The global distribution of economic activity: Nature, history, and the role of trade". The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 133(1), pp.357-406 (Replication data)
McCord, G.C. and Sachs, J.D., 2013 "Development, Structure, and Transformation: Some Evidence on Comparative Economic Growth", NBER Working Paper No. 19512
** Galor O and Ö. Özak 2016 "The Agricultural Origins of Time Preference". American Economic Review: 106(10):3064–3103 (Replication data) (Caloric Suitability Index)
Alesina, A. , Giuliano, P. and Nunn, N. 2013, "On the Origins of Gender Roles: Women and the Plough," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 128(2), pages 469-530 (Replication data)
Olsson, O. and Hibbs, D., 2005, "Biogeography and long-run economic development," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 49(4), pages 909-938, May.
Nunn N, Puga D. 2012, "Ruggedness: The Blessing of Bad Geography in Africa," Review of Economics and Statistics 94(1):20-36 (Replication data)
Nunn, N. and Wantchekon, L., 2011. "The slave trade and the origins of mistrust in Africa". American Economic Review, 101(7), pp.3221-52 (Replication data) (Murdock Ethnic Groups) (Colonial railways) (Pre-colonial explorer routes) (Slave exports by ethnicity)
Andersen, T.B., Dalgaard, C.J. and Selaya, P., 2016. "Climate and the emergence of global income differences". The Review of Economic Studies, 83(4), pp.1334-1363. (Replication data)
Özak, Ö., 2018. Distance to the pre-industrial technological frontier and economic development. Journal of Economic Growth, 23(2), pp.175-221. (Replication data) (Human Mobility Index)
Mitton, T., 2016. "The wealth of subnations: Geography, institutions, and within-country development". Journal of Development Economics, 118, pp.88-111 (Replication files)
Motamed, M.J., Florax, R.J. and Masters, W.A., 2014. "Agriculture, transportation and the timing of urbanization: Global analysis at the grid cell level". Journal of Economic Growth, 19(3), pp.339-368. (Replication data)
Dao, N.T. and Davila, J., 2013. Can geography lock a society in stagnation?. Economics Letters, 120(3), pp.442-446.
Trew, A., 2014. "Spatial takeoff in the first industrial revolution". Review of Economic Dynamics, 17(4), pp.707-725. (Code)

Culture

** Alesina, A. and Giuliano, P., 2015. "Culture and institutions". Journal of Economic Literature, 53(4), pp.898-944.
** Spolaore, E. and Wacziarg, R., 2014. "Long-term barriers to economic development". In Handbook of economic growth (Vol. 2, pp. 121-176). Elsevier.
** Guiso, L., Sapienza, P. and Zingales, L., 2009. "Cultural biases in economic exchange?". The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 124(3), pp.1095-1131.
** Fernández, R., 2011. "Does culture matter?. In Handbook of social economics (Vol. 1, pp. 481-510). North-Holland.
** Galor, O. and Ö. Özak 2016 "The Agricultural Origins of Time Preference". American Economic Review: 106(10):3064–3103 (Replication data) (Caloric Suitability Index)
Alesina, A. , Giuliano, P. and Nunn, N. 2013, "On the Origins of Gender Roles: Women and the Plough," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 128(2), pages 469-530 (Replication data)
** Galor O., Ö. Özak and A. Sarid. 2018, "Geographical Roots of the Coevolution of Cultural and Linguistic Traits
** Bazzi, S., Fiszbein, M. and Gebresilasse, M., 2017. "Frontier Culture: The Roots and Persistence of" Rugged Individualism" in the United States" (No. w23997). National Bureau of Economic Research.
* Galor O., Ö. Özak and A. Sarid. 2016, "Geographical Origins and Economic Consequences of Language Structures
Nunn, N. and Wantchekon, L., 2011. "The slave trade and the origins of mistrust in Africa". American Economic Review, 101(7), pp.3221-52 (Replication data) (Murdock Ethnic Groups) (Colonial railways) (Pre-colonial explorer routes) (Slave exports by ethnicity)
Guido Tabellini, 2010. "Culture and Institutions: Economic Development in the Regions of Europe," Journal of the European Economic Association, MIT Press, vol. 8(4), pages 677-716, 06. (Replication Data) (Definition variables)
Boyd, Robert and Peter J. Richerson. 1985. Culture and the Evolutionary Process. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Boyd, Robert and Peter J. Richerson. 2005. The Origin and Evolution of Cultures. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Chapters 1, 2, 5.
Bisin, A. and Verdier, T., 2000. "“Beyond the melting pot”: cultural transmission, marriage, and the evolution of ethnic and religious traits". The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115(3), pp.955-988.
Bisin, A. and Verdier, T., 2001. "The economics of cultural transmission and the dynamics of preferences". Journal of Economic theory, 97(2), pp.298-319.
Fisman, R. and Miguel, E., 2007. "Corruption, norms, and legal enforcement: Evidence from diplomatic parking tickets". Journal of Political economy, 115(6), pp.1020-1048.
Giuliano, P., 2007. "Living arrangements in western europe: Does cultural origin matter?". Journal of the European Economic Association, 5(5), pp.927-952.
Fernandez, R. and Fogli, A., 2009. "Culture: An empirical investigation of beliefs, work, and fertility". American economic journal: Macroeconomics, 1(1), pp.146-77.
Giuliano, P. and Spilimbergo, A., 2013. "Growing up in a Recession". Review of Economic Studies, 81(2), pp.787-817.
Campante, F. and Yanagizawa-Drott, D., 2015. "The intergenerational transmission of war" (No. w21371). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Roland, G. and Yang, D.Y., 2017. "China's Lost Generation: Changes in Beliefs and Their Intergenerational Transmission" (No. w23441). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Fernández, R., Parsa, S. and Viarengo, M., 2019. "Coming Out in America: AIDS, Politics, and Cultural Change" (No. w25697). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Giavazzi, F., Petkov, I. and Schiantarelli, F., 2019. "Culture: Persistence and evolution". Journal of Economic Growth, 24(2), pp.117-154. (Supplemental Material)

Cultural Evolution Models

Bisin, A. and Verdier, T., 2011. "The economics of cultural transmission and socialization". In Handbook of social economics (Vol. 1, pp. 339-416). North-Holland.
McElreath, R. and Henrich, J., 2007. "Modeling cultural evolution". Oxford handbook of evolutionary psychology, pp.571-586.
Henrich, J., Boyd, R. and Richerson, P.J., 2008. "Five misunderstandings about cultural evolution". Human Nature, 19(2), pp.119-137.
Doepke, M. and Zilibotti, F., 2017. "Parenting with style: Altruism and paternalism in intergenerational preference transmission". Econometrica, 85(5), pp.1331-1371.
Boyd, Robert and Peter J. Richerson. 1985. Culture and the Evolutionary Process. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Doepke, M. and Zilibotti, F., 2014. "Culture, entrepreneurship, and growth". In Handbook of economic growth (Vol. 2, pp. 1-48). Elsevier.

Intergenerational Transmission of Culture & Mobility

Fulford, S., Petkov, I. and Schiantarelli, F., 2018. "Does it matter where you came from? Ancestry composition and economic performance of US counties, 1850-2010".
Burchardi, K.B., Chaney, T. and Hassan, T.A., 2018. "Migrants, ancestors, and foreign investments". The Review of Economic Studies, 86(4), pp.1448-1486. (Replication Data)
Burchardi, K.B., Chaney, T., Hassan, T.A., Tarquinio, L. and Terry, S.J., 2019. "Immigration, Innovation, and Growth".
Docquier, F., Turati, R., Valette, J. and Vasilakis, C., 2018. Birthplace diversity and economic growth: Evidence from the US states in the Post-World War II period.
Rodríguez-Pose, A. and von Berlepsch, V., 2018. "Does population diversity matter for economic development in the very long term? Historic migration, diversity and county wealth in the US". European Journal of Population, pp.1-39.
Hatton, T.J. and Ward, Z., 2018. "International Migration in the Atlantic Economy 1850–1940". Handbook of Cliometrics, pp.1-29.
Giavazzi, F., Petkov, I. and Schiantarelli, F., 2019. "Culture: Persistence and evolution". Journal of Economic Growth, 24(2), pp.117-154. (Supplemental Material)
Dohmen, T., Falk, A., Huffman, D. and Sunde, U., 2011. "The intergenerational transmission of risk and trust attitudes". The Review of Economic Studies, 79(2), pp.645-677. (Replication Data)
Knudsen, A.S.B., 2019. "Those Who Stayed: Individualism, Self-Selection and Cultural Change during the Age of Mass Migration. Self-Selection and Cultural Change During the Age of Mass Migration
Black, S.E. and Devereux, P.J., 2011. "Recent Developments in Intergenerational Mobility". Handbook of Labor Economics, 4, pp.1487-1541.

Religion

Iannaccone, L.R., 1998. "Introduction to the Economics of Religion". Journal of economic literature, 36(3), pp.1465-1495.
McCleary, R.M. and Barro, R.J., 2006. "Religion and economy". Journal of Economic perspectives, 20(2), pp.49-72.
Aldashev, G. and Platteau, J.P., 2014. "Religion, culture, and development". In Handbook of the Economics of Art and Culture (Vol. 2, pp. 587-631). Elsevier.
Barro, R. and McCleary, R., 2003. "Religion and Economic Growth across Countries". American Sociological Review.
Durlauf, S.N., Kourtellos, A. and Tan, C.M., 2012. "Is God in the details? A reexamination of the role of religion in economic growth". Journal of Applied Econometrics, 27(7), pp.1059-1075.
Bentzen, J. S., 2019. "Acts of God? Religiosity and natural disasters across subnational world districts". The Economic Journal, 129(622), pp.2295-2321. (Replication data)
Glaeser, E.L., Ponzetto, G.A. and Shapiro, J.M., 2005. Strategic extremism: Why Republicans and Democrats divide on religious values. The Quarterly journal of economics, 120(4), pp.1283-1330.
Franck, R. and Iannaccone, L.R., 2014. "Religious decline in the 20th century West: Testing alternative explanations". Public Choice, 159(3-4), pp.385-414.
Buser, T., 2015. "The effect of income on religiousness". American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 7(3), pp.178-95. (Replication Data)
Becker, S.O. and Woessmann, L., 2013. "Not the opium of the people: Income and secularization in a panel of Prussian counties". American Economic Review, 103(3), pp.539-44. (Replication Data)
Cojoc, A., 2010. "After the fall: the impact of government regulation on church attendance in Eastern Europe, 1990–2004". Public Choice, 142(3-4), pp.485-496.

Religion, Culture and Political Economy

Clingingsmith, D., Khwaja, A.I. and Kremer, M., 2009. "Estimating the impact of the Hajj: religion and tolerance in Islam's global gathering". The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 124(3), pp.1133-1170.
Campante, F. and Yanagizawa-Drott, D., 2015. "Does religion affect economic growth and happiness? Evidence from Ramadan. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 130(2), pp.615-658. (Replication Data)
Andersen, T.B., Bentzen, J., Dalgaard, C.J. and Sharp, P., 2017. "Pre‐reformation roots of the protestant ethic". The Economic Journal, 127(604), pp.1756-1793. (Replication Data)
Cantoni, D., 2012. "Adopting a new religion: the case of Protestantism in 16th century Germany". The Economic Journal, 122(560), pp.502-531. (Replication Data)
Cantoni, D., 2015. "The economic effects of the Protestant Reformation: testing the Weber hypothesis in the German lands". Journal of the European Economic Association, 13(4), pp.561-598.
Iyigun, M., 2008. "Luther and Süleyman". The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 123(4), pp.1465-1494.
Tabellini, G., 2008. "The scope of cooperation: Values and incentives". The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 123(3), pp.905-950.
Arruñada, B., 2010. "Protestants and Catholics: Similar work ethic, different social ethic". The Economic Journal, 120(547), pp.890-918.
Fuchs-Schundeln, N. and Alesina, A., 2007. "Good-Bye Lenin (Or Not?): The Effect of Communism on People's Preferences". American Economic Review. (Replication Data)
Fuchs-Schündeln, N. and Schündeln, M., 2015. "On the endogeneity of political preferences: Evidence from individual experience with democracy". Science, 347(6226), pp.1145-1148.
Malmendier, U. and Nagel, S., 2011. "Depression babies: do macroeconomic experiences affect risk taking?. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 126(1), pp.373-416.
Alesina, A. and La Ferrara, E., 2005. "Preferences for redistribution in the land of opportunities". Journal of public Economics, 89(5-6), pp.897-931.
Roland, G. and Yang, D.Y., 2017. "China's Lost Generation: Changes in Beliefs and Their Intergenerational Transmission" (No. w23441). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Chen, Y. and Yang, D.Y., 2019. "Historical Traumas and the Roots of Political Distrust: Political Inference from the Great Chinese Famine".
Banerjee, A., Ferrara, E.L. and Orozco-Olvera, V.H., 2019. "The entertaining way to behavioral change: Fighting HIV with MTV" (No. w26096). National Bureau of Economic Research.
La Ferrara, E., Chong, A. and Duryea, S., 2012. "Soap operas and fertility: Evidence from Brazil". American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 4(4), pp.1-31. (Replication Data)

Trust

Algan, Y. and Cahuc, P., 2010. "Inherited trust and growth". American Economic Review, 100(5), pp.2060-92. (Replication Data)
Algan, Y. and Cahuc, P., 2014. Trust, growth, and well-being: New evidence and policy implications. In Handbook of economic growth (Vol. 2, pp. 49-120). Elsevier.
Guido Tabellini, 2010. "Culture and Institutions: Economic Development in the Regions of Europe," Journal of the European Economic Association, MIT Press, vol. 8(4), pages 677-716, 06. (Replication Data) (Definition variables)
Butler, J.V., Giuliano, P. and Guiso, L., 2016. "The right amount of trust". Journal of the European Economic Association, 14(5), pp.1155-1180. (Replication Data)
Nunn, N. and Wantchekon, L., 2011. "The slave trade and the origins of mistrust in Africa". American Economic Review, 101(7), pp.3221-52 (Replication data) (Murdock Ethnic Groups) (Colonial railways) (Pre-colonial explorer routes) (Slave exports by ethnicity)

Institutions

** Engerman, S.L. and Sokoloff, K.L., 1997. "Factor endowments, institutions, and differential paths of growth among new world economies". How Latin America Fell Behind, pp.260-304.
** Engerman, S.L. and Sokoloff, K.L., 2002. "Factor endowments, inequality, and paths of development among new world economies" (No. w9259). National Bureau of Economic Research.
** Acemoglu, D., S. Johnson and J.A. Robinson (2005), "Institutions as a Fundamental Cause of Long-Run Growth" Handbook of Economic Growth, North-Holland.
** Acemoglu, D., Cantoni, D., Johnson, S. and Robinson, J.A., 2011. "The consequences of radical reform: The French Revolution". American economic review, 101(7), pp.3286-3307. (Replication data)
Dell, M., 2010. "The persistent effects of Peru's mining mita". Econometrica, 78(6), pp.1863-1903.
Nunn, N., 2012. "Culture and the historical process". Economic History of Developing Regions, 27(sup1), pp.S108-S126.
Giuliano, P. and Nunn, N., 2013 "The Transmission of Democracy: From the Village to the Nation-State. American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings. 2013;103(3):86-92 (Replication data)
** Michalopoulos, S. and Papaioannou, E., 2013. "Pre‐colonial ethnic institutions and contemporary African development". Econometrica, 81(1), pp.113-152.
** Michalopoulos, S. and Papaioannou, E., 2013. "National institutions and subnational development in Africa". The Quarterly journal of economics, 129(1), pp.151-213.
Angeles, L. and Elizalde, A., 2017. Pre-colonial institutions and socioeconomic development: The case of Latin America. Journal of Development Economics, 124, pp.22-40.
Gennaioli, N. and Rainer, I., 2007. The modern impact of precolonial centralization in Africa. Journal of Economic Growth, 12(3), pp.185-234.
Keller, W. and Shiue, C.H., 2013. "The link between fundamentals and proximate factors in development" (No. w18808). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Galor, O., Munshi, K. and Wilson, N., 2013. "Inclusive Institutions and Long-Run Misallocation".," Working Papers 2013-9, Brown University, Department of Economics.
Dell, M. and Olken, B.A., The Development Effects of the Extractive Colonial Economy: The Dutch Cultivation System in Java". The Review of Economic Studies.

Colonial Origins & Reversal of Fortune

**Acemoglu Daron, Simon Johnson and Jim Robinson (2002): "Reversal of Fortune: Geography and Institutions in the Making of the Modern World Income Distribution," Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107(4), 1231—1294. (Replication Files)
** Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S. and Robinson, J.A., 2001. "The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 91(5), pages 1369-1401, December. (Replication files)
** Albouy, D.Y., 2012. "The colonial origins of comparative development: an empirical investigation: comment". American Economic Review, 102(6), pp.3059-76. (Replication data)
** Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S. and Robinson, J.A., 2012. "The colonial origins of comparative development: An empirical investigation: Reply". American Economic Review, 102(6), pp.3077-3110. (Replication data)
Chanda, A., Cook, C.J. and Putterman, L., 2014. "Persistence of fortune: Accounting for population movements, there was no post-Columbian reversal". American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 6(3), pp.1-28. (Replication data)
Maloney, W.F. and Valencia Caicedo, F., 2016. "The persistence of (subnational) fortune". The Economic Journal, 126(598), pp.2363-2401.
Olsson, O. and Paik, C., 2016. "Long-run cultural divergence: Evidence from the Neolithic Revolution". Journal of Development Economics, 122, pp.197-213. (Replication data)

Legal Origins

La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F. and Shleifer, A., 2008. "The economic consequences of legal origins". Journal of economic literature, 46(2), pp.285-332. (Replication data)
La Porta, R., Lopez‐de‐Silanes, F., Shleifer, A. and Vishny, R.W., 1997. "Legal determinants of external finance". The journal of finance, 52(3), pp.1131-1150. (Replication Data)
La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A. and Vishny, R., 1999. "The quality of government". The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 15(1), pp.222-279. (Replication Data)
Rodrik, D., Subramanian, A. and Trebbi, F., 2004. "Institutions rule: the primacy of institutions over geography and integration in economic development". Journal of economic growth, 9(2), pp.131-165.

Human Capital

Glaeser, E.L., La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F. and Shleifer, A., 2004. "Do institutions cause growth?". Journal of economic Growth, 9(3), pp.271-303.
* Easterly, W. and Levine, R., 2016. "The European origins of economic development". Journal of Economic Growth, 21(3), pp.225-257. (Supplemental Material)
** Galor, O., Moav O. and D. Vollrath, (2009), "Land Inequality and the Emergence of Human Capital Promoting Institutions and the Great Divergence" Review of Economic Studies, 76. 143-179.
* Galor, O. and Moav, O., 2006. "Das human-kapital: A theory of the demise of the class structure". The Review of Economic Studies, 73(1), pp.85-117.
* Galor O and Ö. Özak 2016 "The Agricultural Origins of Time Preference". American Economic Review: 106(10):3064–3103 (Replication data) (Caloric Suitability Index)
* Becker, S.O. and Woessmann, L., 2009. "Was Weber Wrong? A Human Capital Theory of Protestant Economic History". The Quarterly Journal of Economics, pp.531-596.
Lee, J.W. and Barro, R.J., 2001. "Schooling quality in a cross–section of countries". Economica, 68(272), pp.465-488. (Updated datasets)
Galor O., Ö. Özak and A. Sarid. 2016, "Geographical Origins and Economic Consequences of Language Structures
Botticini, M. and Eckstein, Z., 2007. "From farmers to merchants, conversions and diaspora: Human capital and Jewish history". Journal of the European Economic Association, 5(5), pp.885-926.
Squicciarini, M.P. and Voigtländer, N., 2015. "Human capital and industrialization: Evidence from the age of enlightenment". The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 130(4), pp.1825-1883. (Replication Data)
Vogl, T.S., 2015. "Differential fertility, human capital, and development". The Review of Economic Studies, 83(1), pp.365-401. (Replication Data)

Isolation, Globalization & Market Access

** Galor, O. and Mountford, A., 2008. "Trading population for productivity: theory and evidence". The Review of economic studies, 75(4), pp.1143-1179.
Galor, O. and Mountford, A., 2006. "Trade and the great divergence: the family connection". American Economic Review, 96(2), pp.299-303.
* Donaldson, D. and Hornbeck, R., 2016. "Railroads and American economic growth: A “market access” approach". The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 131(2), pp.799-858. (Replication Data)
Donaldson, D., 2018. "Railroads of the Raj: Estimating the impact of transportation infrastructure". American Economic Review, 108(4-5), pp.899-934. (Replication Data)
**Pascali, L., 2017. "The wind of change: Maritime technology, trade, and economic development. American Economic Review, 107(9), pp.2821-54. (Replication Data)
** Özak, Ö., 2018. Distance to the pre-industrial technological frontier and economic development. Journal of Economic Growth, 23(2), pp.175-221. (Replication data) (Human Mobility Index)
* Faber, B., 2014. "Trade Integration, Market Size, and Industrialization: Evidence from China's National Trunk Highway System". Review of Economic Studies, 81(3). (Replication Data)
* Davis, D.R. and Weinstein, D.E., 2002. "Bones, bombs, and break points: the geography of economic activity". American Economic Review, 92(5), pp.1269-1289.
Bleakley, H. and Lin, J., 2012. "Portage and path dependence". The quarterly journal of economics, 127(2), pp.587-644. (Replication Data)
Jedwab, R. and Moradi, A., 2016. "The permanent effects of transportation revolutions in poor countries: evidence from Africa". Review of economics and statistics, 98(2), pp.268-284. (Replication Data)

Diversity

** Alesina, A., Devleeschauwer, A., Easterly, W., Kurlat, S. and Wacziarg, R., 2003. "Fractionalization". Journal of Economic growth, 8(2), pp.155-194.
** Michalopoulos, S., 2012. "The origins of ethnolinguistic diversity". American Economic Review, 102(4), pp.1508-39. (Replication Data)
** Ashraf, Q. and Galor, O., 2013. "The 'Out of Africa' hypothesis, human genetic diversity, and comparative economic development". American Economic Review, 103(1), pp.1-46. (Replication Data)
** Depetris-Chauvin, E. and Özak, Ö., 2018. "The origins of the division of labor in pre-modern times".
** Depetris-Chauvin, E. and Özak, Ö., 2016. "The origins and long-run consequences of the division of labor". (Focus on consequences, origins are better covered in other paper)
* Ashraf, Q. and Galor, O., 2013. "Genetic diversity and the origins of cultural fragmentation". American Economic Review, 103(3), pp.528-33. (Replication Data)
* Desmet, K., Ortuño-Ortín, I. and Wacziarg, R., 2017. "Culture, ethnicity, and diversity". American Economic Review, 107(9), pp.2479-2513. (Replication Data)
Desmet, K., Ortuño-Ortín, I. and Wacziarg, R., 2012. "The political economy of linguistic cleavages". Journal of development Economics, 97(2), pp.322-338.
Alesina, A., Harnoss, J. and Rapoport, H., 2016. "Birthplace diversity and economic prosperity". Journal of Economic Growth, 21(2), pp.101-138. (Supplemental material)
Ahlerup, P. and Olsson, O., 2012. "The roots of ethnic diversity". Journal of Economic Growth, 17(2), pp.71-102.
Alesina, A., Michalopoulos, S. and Papaioannou, E., 2016. "Ethnic inequality". Journal of Political Economy, 124(2), pp.428-488. (Replication Data)
Michalopoulos, S. and Papaioannou, E., 2016. "The long-run effects of the Scramble for Africa". American Economic Review, 106(7), pp.1802-48. (Replication Data)
Bazzi, S., Gaduh, A., Rothenberg, A.D. and Wong, M., 2016. "Skill transferability, migration, and development: Evidence from population resettlement in Indonesia". American Economic Review, 106(9), pp.2658-98. (Replication Data)
Henn, B.M., Cavalli-Sforza, L.L. and Feldman, M.W., 2012. "The great human expansion". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(44), pp.17758-17764.
Li, J.Z., Absher, D.M., Tang, H., Southwick, A.M., Casto, A.M., Ramachandran, S., Cann, H.M., Barsh, G.S., Feldman, M., Cavalli-Sforza, L.L. and Myers, R.M., 2008. "Worldwide human relationships inferred from genome-wide patterns of variation". Science, 319(5866), pp.1100-1104. (Replication Data) (HGDP Datasets)

Persistence

** Spolaore, E. and Wacziarg, R., 2013. "How deep are the roots of economic development?". Journal of economic literature, 51(2), pp.325-69.
** Guiso, L., Sapienza, P. and Zingales, L., 2016. "Long-term persistence". Journal of the European Economic Association, 14(6), pp.1401-1436. (Replication Data)
** Galor O and Ö. Özak 2016 "The Agricultural Origins of Time Preference". American Economic Review: 106(10):3064–3103 (Replication data) (Caloric Suitability Index)
* Galor O., Ö. Özak and A. Sarid. 2018, "Geographical Roots of the Coevolution of Cultural and Linguistic Traits
* Bazzi, S., Fiszbein, M. and Gebresilasse, M., 2017. "Frontier Culture: The Roots and Persistence of" Rugged Individualism" in the United States" (No. w23997). National Bureau of Economic Research.
* Galor O., Ö. Özak and A. Sarid. 2016, "Geographical Origins and Economic Consequences of Language Structures
* Depetris-Chauvin, E. and Özak, Ö., 2016. "The origins and long-run consequences of the division of labor". (Focus on consequences, origins are better covered in other paper)
Comin, Diego A., Bill Easterly, and Erick Gong. "Was the Wealth of Nations Determined in 1000 B.C.?" American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 2, no. 3 (2010): 65-97 (Replication Data)
Olsson, O. and Hibbs, D., 2005, "Biogeography and long-run economic development," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 49(4), pages 909-938, May.
Thompson, W.R. and Sakuwa, K., 2013. "Was Wealth Really Determined in 8000 BCE, 1000 BCE, 0 CE, or Even 1500 CE?". Cliodynamics, 4(1).
Voigtländer, N. and Voth, H.J., 2012. "Persecution perpetuated: the medieval origins of anti-Semitic violence in Nazi Germany". The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 127(3), pp.1339-1392. (Replication Data)
Cook, C.J., 2014. "The role of lactase persistence in precolonial development". Journal of Economic Growth, 19(4), pp.369-406. (Replication Data)

The Neolithic Revolution

Origins

** Diamond, Jared, 1997, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. (Part 1)
Hibbs, D.A. and Olsson, O., 2004. "Geography, biogeography, and why some countries are rich and others are poor". Proceedings of the national Academy of sciences, 101(10), pp.3715-3720.
Zeder, M.A., 2008. "Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact. Proceedings of the national Academy of Sciences, 105(33), pp.11597-11604.
Ashraf, Q. and Michalopoulos, S., 2015. "Climatic fluctuations and the diffusion of agriculture". Review of Economics and Statistics, 97(3), pp.589-609. (Replication Data)
Matranga, A., 2017. "The Ant and the Grasshopper: Seasonality and the Invention of Agriculture".
Various authors, 2009 "The Continuing Conversation about the Origins of Agriculture.". Current Anthropology Volume 50, Number 5
Various authors, 2011. "The Origins of Agriculture: New Data, New Ideas: Wenner-Gren Symposium Supplement 4". Current Anthropology Volume 52, Number S4 Introduction

Consequences

Ashraf, Quamrul.and Oded Galor (2011), "Dynamics and Stagnation in the Malthusian Epoch" American Economic Review, 101(5): 2003–2041. (replication data) (Online Appendix)
Michalopoulos, S., Putterman, L. and Weil, D.N., 2019. The influence of ancestral lifeways on individual economic outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of the European Economic Association, 17(4), pp.1186-1231.
Putterman, Louis. 2008. "Agriculture, Diffusion, and Development: Ripple Effects of the Neolithic Revolution." Economica, 75(300): 729-748
Franck, R., Galor O., and Ö. Özak "The Neolithic and Life Expectancy: A Double-Edged Sword"

State Formation and State Capacity

Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S. and Robinson, J.A., 2001. "The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 91(5), pages 1369-1401, December. (Replication files)
Acemoglu Daron, Simon Johnson and Jim Robinson (2002): "Reversal of Fortune: Geography and Institutions in the Making of the Modern World Income Distribution," Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107(4), 1231—1294. (Replication Files)
Alesina, Alberto and Enrico Spolaore, "On the Number and Size of Nations", Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 90(5), pages 1276-1296, November 1997
*Besley, Timothy and Thorsten Persson "State Capacity, Conflict and Development", Econometrica, Volume 78, Issue 1, pages 1–34, January 2010
Mayshar Yoram, Omer Moav and Zvika Neeman, Luigi Pascali, 2013. "Cereals Apropriability, and Hierarchy," CEPR No. 10742
Fleck, Robert and Andrew Hansen "The Origins of Democracy: A Model with Application Ancient Greece", Journal of Law and Economics vol. XLIX, 115-146, 2006.
Lowes, S., Nunn, N., Robinson, J.A. and Weigel, J.L., 2017. The evolution of culture and institutions: Evidence from the Kuba kingdom. Econometrica, 85(4), pp.1065-1091. (Replication Data)
Tilly, Charles. 1985. "War Making and State Making as Organized Crime," in Bringing the State Back eds. Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Campante, Filipe R., and Quoc-Anh Do. 2014. "Isolated Capital Cities, Accountability, and Corruption: Evidence from US States." American Economic Review, 104(8): 2456-81. (Replication Data)
Michalopoulos, S. and Papaioannou, E., 2013. "National institutions and subnational development in Africa". The Quarterly journal of economics, 129(1), pp.151-213.

Health, Life-Expectancy and Development

Acemoglu, D. and Johnson, S., 2007. "Disease and development: the effect of life expectancy on economic growth". Journal of political Economy, 115(6), pp.925-985. (Replication Data)
Bloom, D.E., Canning, D. and Fink, G., 2014. "Disease and development revisited". Journal of Political Economy, 122(6), pp.1355-1366.
Acemoglu, D. and Johnson, S., 2014. "Disease and development: a reply to Bloom, Canning, and Fink". Journal of Political Economy, 122(6), pp.1367-1375.
Lorentzen, P., McMillan, J. and Wacziarg, R., 2008. "Death and development". Journal of economic growth, 13(2), pp.81-124.
Weil, D.N., 2007. "Accounting for the effect of health on economic growth". The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122(3), pp.1265-1306.
Acemoglu, D., Fergusson, L. and Johnson, S., 2019. "Population and Conflict". The Review of Economic Studies. (Replication Data)
Bleakley, H., 2007. "Disease and development: evidence from hookworm eradication in the American South". The quarterly journal of economics, 122(1), pp.73-117.
Cook, C.J., 2015. "The natural selection of infectious disease resistance and its effect on contemporary health". Review of Economics and Statistics, 97(4), pp.742-757. (Replication Data)

Conflict & Borders

Ray, D. and Esteban, J., 2017. "Conflict and development". Annual Review of Economics, 9, pp.263-293.
Jha, S., 2013. "Trade, institutions, and ethnic tolerance: Evidence from South Asia". American political Science review, 107(4), pp.806-832.
Berman, N., Couttenier, M., Rohner, D. and Thoenig, M., 2017. "This mine is mine! How minerals fuel conflicts in Africa". American Economic Review, 107(6), pp.1564-1610. (Replication Data)
Harari, M. and Ferrara, E.L., 2018. "Conflict, climate, and cells: a disaggregated analysis". Review of Economics and Statistics, 100(4), pp.594-608. (Replication Data)
Michalopoulos, S. and Papaioannou, E., 2016. "The long-run effects of the Scramble for Africa". American Economic Review, 106(7), pp.1802-48. (Replication Data)
Kitamura, S. and Lagerlöf, N.P., 2019. "Geography and State Fragmentation". Journal of the European Economic Association (Replication Data)
Moscona, J., Nunn, N. and Robinson, J.A., 2020. Segmentary Lineage Organization and Conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Özak, Ö. and Depetris-Chauvin, E., 2020. Borderline Disorder:(De facto) Historical Ethnic Borders and Contemporary Conflict in Africa.
Dickens, A., 2019. "The Historical Roots of Ethnic Differences: The Role of Geography and Trade" (No. 1901).

Handbooks & Surveys

The dates and information provided in this document are for information and planning purposes only. The dates are subject to change based on the material covered and unexpected circumstances that require changing the schedule.

Syllabus